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AFTER CERTAINTY

book

Social Systems

Luhmann, Niklas. Social Systems. Translated by John Bednarz Jr. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995.

Why this matters here

Luhmann's theory describes how social systems sustain differentiated patterns of communication and interpretation. The introduction invokes this account to consider the difficulty of stable alignment at institutional scale, separate from Perrow's analysis of technical-system accidents.