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AFTER CERTAINTY

book

Human Error

Reason, James. Human Error. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Why this matters here

James Reason's Human Error develops the Swiss Cheese Model: accidents occur when holes in multiple imperfect layers of defense align, allowing a hazard through. Trust Beyond Similarity uses that layered-failure logic for why bad outcomes rarely reduce to a single mistake—and why systems need trusted difference across roles when no one person sees enough.