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Notice of Violation: Volkswagen Clean Diesel Vehicles.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Notice of Violation: Volkswagen Clean Diesel Vehicles." September 18, 2015. U.S. EPA and California Air Resources Board, settlements and consent decrees regardin
Why this matters here
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's September 2015 violation notice documented Volkswagen defeat devices and the failure of laboratory test results to reflect real-world emissions. When Incentives Become the Moral Language cites this particular regulatory finding before using it as a qualified analogy about the difference between measurements and physical consequences.
