article
Multilevel Marketing and Pyramid Schemes in the United States: An Historical Analysis.
Keep, William W., and Peter J. Vander Nat. "Multilevel Marketing and Pyramid Schemes in the United States: An Historical Analysis." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 6, no. 2 (2014): 188–210.
Why this matters here
Keep and Vander Nat’s historical analysis of multilevel marketing and pyramid schemes in the United States documents how MLM participation often reinforces commitment even when outcomes fail to match promises. When Trust Stops Tracking Reality uses that pattern for learning that stalls: setbacks are treated as insufficient commitment rather than grounds for scrutiny. The article is a marketing-history analysis; the book asks when participation confirms beliefs instead of testing them.
